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Composer Ludwig van Beethoven
Born in Bonn in 1770, the eldest son of a singer in the Kapelle of the Archbishop-Elector of Cologne and grandson of the Archbishop's Kapellmeister,
Beethoven moved in 1792 to Vienna, where he had some lessons from Haydn and others, quickly establishing himself as a remarkable keyboard-player and
original composer. By 1815 increasing deafness made public performance impossible and accentuated existing eccentricities of character, patiently
tolerated by a series of rich patrons and his royal pupil the Archduke Rudolph. Beethoven did much to enlarge the possibilities of music and widen
the horizons of later generations of composers.
To his contemporaries he was sometimes a controversial figure, making heavy demands on listeners both by the length and by the complexity of his
writing, as he explored new fields of music.
Stage Works
Beethoven wrote only one opera, eventually called Fidelio after the name assumed by the heroine Leonora, who disguises herself as a boy and takes
employment at the prison in which her husband has been unjustly incarcerated. This escape opera, for which there was precedent in contemporary
France, ends with the defeat of the evil prison governor and the rescue of Florestan, testimony to the love and constancy of his wife Leonora.
Beethoven contemplated other operas, but eventually only wrote the one, first staged in 1805 and mounted again in a revised performance in 1814,
under more favourable circumstances. The ballet The Creatures of Prometheus was staged in Vienna in 1801, and he wrote incidental music for various
other dramatic productions, including Goethe's Egmont, von Kotzebue's curious The Ruins of Athens, and the same writer's King Stephen.
Choral and Vocal Music
Beethoven's most impressive choral work is the Missa Solennis, written for the enthronement of his pupil Archduke Rudolph as Archbishop of Olmutz,
but finished too late for that occasion. An earlier work, the oratorio The Mount of Olives, is less well known. In common with other composers,
he wrote a number of songs. Of these the best known are probably the settings of Goethe, which did little to impress the venerable poet and writer,
who ignored their existence, and the cycle of six songs known as An die ferne Geliebte (To the Distant Beloved). The song Adelaide is challenging
but not infrequently heard.
Orchestral Music
Beethoven completed nine symphonies, works that influenced the whole future of music by the expansion of the traditional classical form.
The best known are the Third, "Eroica", originally intended to celebrate the initially republican achievements of Napoleon, the Fifth,
the Sixth, "Pastoral", and the Ninth, "Choral". The less satisfactory Battle Symphony celebrates the earlier military victories of the
Duke of Wellington. For the theatre and various other occasions Beethoven wrote a number of Overtures, including four for his only opera,
Fidelio, one under that name and the others under the name of the heroine, Leonora. Other Overtures include Egmont, Coriolan, Prometheus,
The Consecration of the House and The Ruins of Athens. Beethoven completed one violin concerto and five piano concertos, as well as a triple
concerto for violin, cello and piano, and a curious Choral Fantasia,for solo piano, chorus and orchestra. The piano concertos were for the
composer's own use in concert performance. The Fifth, the so-called "Emperor" Concerto, is possibly the most impressive. The single Violin
Concerto is part of the standard repertoire, with two Romances, possible slow movements for an unwritten violin concerto.
Beethoven wrote ten sonatas for violin and piano, of which the "Spring" and the "Kreutzer" are particular favourites with audiences.
He extended very considerably the possibilities of the string quartet, even with his first, Opus 18 set of quartets, but it is possibly
the named quartets, the group of three dedicated to Prince Razumovsky and known, therefore, as the Razumovsky Quartets, Opus 59, that are
best known. The later string quartets offer great challenges to both players and audience, and include the remarkable Grosse Fuge (Great Fugue)
a gigantic work, discarded as the final movement of the String Quartet, Opus 130, and published separately. Other chamber music includes a number
of Trios for violin, cello and piano, with the "Archduke" Trio pre-eminent and the "Ghost" Trio a close runner-up, for very different reasons.
The Cello Sonatas and sets of Variations for cello and piano, including one set based on Handel's See here the conquering hero comes and others
on operatic themes from Mozart, are a valuable part of any cellist's repertoire. Chamber music with wind instruments and piano include a Quintet,
Op. 16, for piano, oboe, clarinet, horn and bassoon.
Piano Music
Beethoven's 32 numbered piano sonatas make full use of the developing form of piano, with its wider range and possibilities of dynamic contrast.
There are also interesting sets of variations, including a set based on God save the King and another on Rule, Britannia, variations on a theme
from the Eroica Symphony and a major work based on a theme by the publisher Diabelli. The best known of the sonatas are those that have earned
themselves affectionate nicknames, the Pathétique, Op. 13, Moonlight, Op. 27/2, Waldstein, Op. 53, Appassionata, Op. 57, Les Adieux, Op. 81a,
and the Hammerklavier, Op. 106. Less substantial piano pieces include three sets of Bagatelles, and the all too well known FŸr Elise, with the
Rondo a capriccio, known in English as Rage over a Lost Penny.
Dance Music
Famous composers like Haydn and Mozart were also employed in the practical business of providing dance music for court and social occasions.
Beethoven wrote a number of sets of Minuets, German Dances and Contredanses, ending with the so-called Mödlinger Dances, written for performers
at a neighbouring inn during a summer holiday outside Vienna.
Beethoven: Symphony no 6 "Pastorale", Symphony No 2 / Paavo Jarvi, et al CD
by Beethoven / Jarvi, Paavo
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Category Classical, Romantic Period, Orchestral/Symphonic, Classical Period, Symphony, Super Audio
**Super Audio CD (SACD) Hybrid**
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Beethoven: Piano Quartet, Op. 16; String Quintet, Op. 104 CD
by Beethoven / Nash Ensemble
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Category Classical, Romantic Period, Chamber Music/Recitals, Classical Period, Quartet, Duet, Quintet
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Beethoven: Piano Concertos No 4 & 5 CD
by Tapiola Sinfonietta
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Category Classical, Romantic Period, Classical Period, Concerto, Super Audio
Beethoven: The Complete Piano Sonatas CD
by Beethoven / Brendel, Alfred
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Category Classical, Live Performances, Romantic Period, Orchestral/Symphonic, Box Sets, Classical Period, Sonata, Character Piece
Beethoven: Early String Quartets / Orion String Quartet CD
by Beethoven / Orion String Quartet
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Category Classical, Romantic Period, Chamber Music/Recitals, Box Sets, Classical Period, Quartet
Beethoven: Symphony No 2 & 6 / Herrewegh, Royal Flemish Po CD
by Beethoven / Herreweghe / Royal Flemish Phil
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Category Classical, Romantic Period, Orchestral/Symphonic, Classical Period, Symphony, Super Audio
**Super Audio CD (SACD) Hybrid**
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Beethoven: Piano Concertos CD
by Goode, Richard
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Category Classical, Romantic Period, Chamber Music/Recitals, Box Sets, Classical Period, Concerto
Beethoven: Piano Quartets Woo 36 / New Zealand Piano Quartet CD
by Beethoven / New Zealand Piano Quartet
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Category Classical, Romantic Period, Chamber Music/Recitals, Classical Period, Quartet
Beethoven - Complete Works For Piano & Cello / Zuill Bailey, Simone Dinnerstein CD
by Bailey, Zuill / Dinnerstein, Simone
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Category Classical, Romantic Period, Chamber Music/Recitals, Classical Period, Sonata, Variations
Bruno Walter Edition - Beethoven: Symphony No 9 CD
by Beethoven / Columbia Symphony / Walter
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Category Classical, Romantic Period, Classical Period, Sonata, Variations
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Classical Music Listed by Genre-
Classical Collections
Classical Bach
Classical Beethoven
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Classical Debussy
Classical Mozart
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